Personal
Grammar (grammatica)
Grammar (= grammatica)
In grammar, we will explain the rules of the English language.
If you want to be able to do all the assignments correctly you will need to know more about some grammar items.
You are going to learn about:
- Personal pronouns
- To be
- Present simple
Good luck!
Personal pronouns (persoonlijk voornaamwoorden)
The personal pronoun (persoonlijk voornaamwoord) refers to a person, a group of persons or things.
These are all the personal pronouns:
| Singular* |
subject* |
no subject* |
* singular = enkelvoud; subject = onderwerp |
| 1st person |
I = ik |
me = mij |
|
| 2nd person |
you = jij |
you = jou |
|
| 3rd person |
he = hij |
him = hem |
|
| |
she = zij |
her = haar |
|
| |
it = het |
it = het |
|
| Plural* |
|
|
* plural = meervoud |
| 1st person |
we = wij |
us = ons |
|
| 2nd person |
you = jullie |
you = jullie |
|
| 3rd person |
they = zij |
them = hen/hun |
|
Examples:
- He gives me an apple.
Hij geeft me een appel.
- I give you a present.
Ik geef je een cadeau.
- I see him in the garden.
Ik zie hem in de tuin.
- Give it to me.
Geef het aan mij.
- He invited us to his party.
Hij nodigde ons uit voor zijn partijtje.
- We gave you lots of cakes.
We gaven jullie veel koekjes.
- Can you forgive them?
Kun je hen vergeven?
To be (zijn)
To be
'To be' is an irregular verb (werkwoord)..
This means that it does not follow the rules regular verbs follow.
To be able to use the verb correctly, you simply have to learn the verb by heart.
| long form |
short form |
| I am - ik ben |
I'm |
| you are - jij/u bent |
you're |
| he is - hij is |
he's |
| she is - zij is |
she's |
| it is - het is |
it's |
| we are - wij zijn |
we're |
| you are - jullie zijn |
you're |
| they are - zij zijn |
they're |
You make a negation (ontkenning) by putting 'not' after the right form.
| Lange vorm |
Korte vorm |
Korte vorm (2) |
| I am not |
I'm not |
|
| you are not |
you're not |
you aren't |
| he/she/it is not |
he's/she's/it's not |
he/she/it isn't |
| we are not |
we're |
we aren't |
| you are not |
you're not |
you aren't |
| they are not |
they're not |
they aren't |
You make a question by changing the word order (woordvolgorde)
| I am |
Am I? |
| You are |
Are you? |
| He is |
Is he? |
| She is |
Is she? |
| It is |
Is it? |
| We are |
Are we? |
| You are |
Are you? |
| They are |
Are they? |
Simple present (onvoltooid tegenwoordige tijd)
The simple present of a verb is the whole verb without the word 'to' . When the subject (onderwerp) is 'he', 'she' or 'it' , you put an '-s' after the verb (the 'shitrule' )
- I live
ik woon
- You live
jij woont
- He/she lives
hij/zij woont
- We live
wij wonen
- You live
jullie wonen
- They live
zij wonen
Exceptions (uitzonderingen)
If the verb ends on '–o', you put '–es' behind the verb.
- I go - he goes
ik ga - hij gaat
If the verb ends on '–s' or '-ch', you put '–es' behind the verb.
- I watch - he watches
ik kijk - hij kijkt
If the verb ends on '–y', '-y' is replaced by '–ies'.
- I fly - he flies
ik vlieg - hij vliegt
If the verb ends on '–y' after 'a', 'e', 'o', of 'u' than you put '–s' after the verb.
In a question (vraagzin) or a negation (ontkennende zin) we use a form of 'to do' plus the whole verb.
| |
Question |
Negation |
| I live. |
Do I live? |
I don't live. |
| You live |
Do you live? |
You don't live. |
| He/she/it lives |
Does he/she/it live? |
He/she/it doesn't live. |
| We live. |
Do we live? |
We don't live. |
| You live |
Do you live? |
You don't live. |
| They live |
Do they live? |
They don't live. |
ik speel - hij speelt
