Citation
This book may be cited as:
Van Gestel, C.A.M., Van Belleghem, F.G.A.J., Van den Brink, N.W., Droge, S.T.J., Hamers, T., Hermens, J.L.M., Kraak, M.H.S., Löhr, A.J., Parsons, J.R., Ragas, A.M.J., Van Straalen, N.M., Vijver, M.G. (Eds.) (2019). Environmental toxicology, an open online textbook. https://maken.wikiwijs.nl/147644/Environmental_Toxicology__an_open_online_textbook
About the editors
Cornelis A.M. (Kees) van Gestel is retired professor of Ecotoxicology of Soil Ecosystems at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. He has been working on different aspects of soil ecotoxicology, including toxicity test development, bioavailability, mixture toxicity, toxicokinetics, multigeneration effects and ecosystem level effects. His main interest is in linking bioavailability and ecological effects.
Frank G.A.J. Van Belleghem is an associate professor of environmental toxicology at the Open University of the Netherlands and researcher at the University of Hasselt (Belgium). His teaching activities are in the field of biology, biochemistry, (environmental) toxicology and environmental sciences. His research covers the toxicity of environmental pollutants including heavy metals, nanoparticles & microplastics and assessing (ultrastructural) stress with electron- and fluorescence microscopy.
Nico W. van den Brink is professor Environmental Toxicology at Wageningen University. His main research focus is on effects of chemicals on wildlife, especially under long term, chronic exposures. Furthermore, he has a great interest in polar ecotoxicology, both in the Antarctic as Arctic region.
Steven T.J. Droge is researcher and lecturer Environmental Chemistry at the University of Amsterdam since 2016. He worked on measuring and understanding bioavailability in toxicity studies of organic chemicals, ionogenic compounds in particular, during projects at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Utrecht University, and Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ Leipzig. The most fascinating chemical he worked with was scopolamine.
Timo Hamers is an associate professor in Environmental Toxicology at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. His main interest is in the application, development and optimization of small-scale in vitro bioassays to determine toxicity profiles of sets of individual compounds and complex environmental mixtures of pollutants as found in abiotic and biotic environmental and human samples.
Joop L.M. Hermens is a retired associate professor of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry at the Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS) of Utrecht University. His research was focused on understanding the exposure and bioavailability of contaminants in the environment in relation to effects on ecosystems and on human health. Main topics also included the development of predictive methods in ecotoxicology of organic contaminants and mixtures.
Michiel H.S. Kraak is associate professor of Aquatic Ecotoxicology at the University of Amsterdam, where he started his academic career in 1987. He has published >120 papers in peer reviewed journals. Michiel Kraak has been supervising more than 20 PhD students and many more undergraduate students.
Ansje J. Löhr is associate professor of Environmental Natural Sciences at the Open University of the Netherlands. She has a background in marine biology and ecotoxicology. Her main research topic is on marine litter pollution on which she works in varying international interdisciplinary teams. She is working with UN Environment on worldwide educational and training programs on marine litter - activities of the Global Partnership on Marine Litter (GPML) - focusing on both monitoring and assessment, and reduction and prevention of marine litter pollution.
John R. Parsons is a retired assistant professor of Environmental Chemistry at the University of Amsterdam. His main research interest is the environmental fate of organic chemicals and in particular their degradation by microorganisms and how this is affected by their bioavailability. He is also interested in how scientific research can be applied to improve chemical risk assessment.
Ad M.J. Ragas is professor of Environmental Natural Sciences at the Open University of the Netherlands in Heerlen. He furthermore works as an associate professor at the Radboud University in Nijmegen. His main expertise is the modelling of human and ecological risks of chemicals. He covers topics like pharmaceuticals in the environment, (micro)plastics and the role of uncertainty in model predictions and decision-making.
Nico M. van Straalen is a retired professor of Animal Ecology at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam where he was teaching evolutionary biology, zoology, molecular ecology and environmental toxicology. His contributions to ecotoxicology concern the development of statistical models for risk assessment and the application of genomics tools to assess toxicity and evolution of adaptation.
Martina G. Vijver is professor of Ecotoxicology at Leiden University since 2017. Her focus is on obtaining realistic predictions and measurements of how existing and emerging chemical stressors potentially affect our natural environment and the organisms living therein. She is specially interested in field realistic testing, and works on pesticides, metals, microplastics and nanomaterials. She loves earthworms, isopods, daphnia and zebrafish larvae.
Authors
Dr. Milo de Baat, Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Prof. dr. Thomas Backhaus, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
Dr. Carlos Barata, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Barcelona, Catalonia
Dr. Patrick van Beelen, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
Dr. Thilo Behrends, Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Dr. Frank Van Belleghem, Department of Science, Open University, Heerlen, The Netherlands
Prof. dr. Lieven Bervoets, Department of Biology University of Antwerp, Belgium
Dr. Charles Bodar, Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
Prof. dr. Jacob de Boer, Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Dr. Jos Boesten, Environmental Risk Assessment, Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen University & Research, The Netherlands
Dr. Nico van den Brink, Department of Toxicology, Wageningen University, The Netherlands
Prof. dr. Paul van den Brink, Environmental Risk Assessment, Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen University & Research, The Netherlands
Dr. Theo Brock, Environmental Risk Assessment, Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen University & Research, The Netherlands
Dr. Marijke de Cock, Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Dr. Michiel Daam, CENSE, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, New University of Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
Dr. Mélanie Douziech, Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Dr. Steven Droge, Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Prof. dr. Majorie van Duursen, Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Prof. dr. Herman Eijsackers, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
Dr. Lily Fredrix, Department of Science, Open University, Heerlen, The Netherlands
Prof. dr. Kees van Gestel, Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Dr. Marjolein van Ginneken, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Belgium
Dr. Timo Hamers Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Prof. dr. A. Jan Hendriks, Department of Environmental Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Dr. Joop Hermens, Institute of Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Dr. Nele Horemans, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, Mol, Belgium
Dr. Joop de Knecht, Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
Dr. Michiel Kraak, Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Dr. Thomas ter Laak, KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands and Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Prof. dr. Marja Lamoree, Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Dr. Jessica Legradi, Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Prof. dr. Pim Leonards, Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Annegaaike Leopold MSc, Calidris Environment B.V., Warnsveld, The Netherlands
Dr. Ansje Löhr, Department of Science, Open University, Heerlen, The Netherlands
Dr. Gerd Maack, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Federal Environmental Agency, Berlin, Germany
Dr. Astrid M. Manders, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Utrecht, The Netherlands
Prof. dr. Michael Matthies, Institute of Environmental Systems Research, University of Osnabrück, Germany
Prof. dr. Dik van de Meent, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, and Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Prof. dr. Jose Julio Ortega Calvo, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, Spain
Dr. John Parsons, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
MSc. Jan-Pieter Ploem, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
Prof. dr. Michelle Plusquin, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
Prof. dr. Leo Posthuma, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, and Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Marja Pronk MSc, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
Prof. dr. Ad Ragas, Department of Environmental Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen and Open University, Heerlen, The Netherlands
Dr. Dick Roelofs, Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Dr. Ivo Roessink, Environmental Risk Assessment, Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen University & Research, The Netherlands
Dr. Jörg Römbke, ECT Oekotoxikologie GmbH, Flörsheim, Germany
Dr. Michiel Rutgers, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
Dr. Nelly Saenen, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
Dr. Henk Schat, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Prof. dr. Karen Smeets, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
Dr. Els Smit, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
Prof. dr. Nico van Straalen, Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Dr. Eva Sugeng, Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Dr. Frank Swartjes, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
Dr. Nathalie Vanhoudt, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, Mol, Belgium
Prof. dr. Piet Verdonschot, Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen University & Research, The Netherlands and Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Dr. Theo Vermeire, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
Dr. Eric M.J. Verbruggen, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
Dr. Wilco Verweij, Deltares, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Prof. dr. Martina Vijver, Centre of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, The Netherlands
Dr. Arie Vonk, Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Prof. dr. Pim de Voogt, KWR and University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Dr. Karen Vrijens, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
Thomas Wagner MSc., Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Pim N.H. Wassenaar MSc., Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
Dr. Joke van Wensem, Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Management, The Hague, The Netherlands
Dr. Fred Woudenberg, Department of Environment, Municipal Heath Service, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Dr. Dick de Zwart, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; DdZ Ecotox, The Netherlands
Reviewers
Dr. Alexa Alexander-Trusiak, Faculty of Science, University of Brunswick, Canada
Prof. dr. Jose Álvarez Rogel, Departamento de Ingeniería Agronómica, ETSIA-Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Murcia, Spain
Prof.dr. Hans Peter Arp, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, Oslo, Noway
Dr. Gertie Arts, Environmental Risk Assessment, Wageningen University & Research, The Netherlands
Prof. dr. Erland Bååth, University of Lund, Sweden
Prof. dr. Thomas Backhaus, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
Dr. Carlos Barata, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Barcelona, Catalonia.
Dr. Frank Van Belleghem, Department of Science, Open University, Heerlen, The Netherlands
Prof. dr. Lieven Bervoets, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Belgium
Prof. dr. Bas J. Blaauboer, Institute of Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Prof. dr. Ludek Blaha, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, RECETOX, Brno, Czech Republic
Prof. dr. Ronny Blust, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Belgium
Dr. Tim Bowmer, European Chemicals Agency, Helsinki, Finland
Dr. Nico van den Brink, Department of Toxicology, Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
Prof. dr. Paul van den Brink, Environmental Risk Assessment, Wageningen University & Research, The Netherlands
Dr. Allen Burton, University of Michigan, US
Dr. Charles Chemel, Centre for Atmospheric and Climate Physics Research, University of Hertfordshire, College Lane, Hatfield, AL10 9AB, UK.
Prof. dr. Sean Comber, Plymouth University, United Kingdom
Prof. dr. Gerard Cornelissen, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute and Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
Prof. dr. Russell Davenport, School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
Dr. Peter Dohmen, BASF SE, APD/EE, Limburgerhof, Germany
Dr. Steven Droge, Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Dr. Peter Edwards, retired from Syngenta Crop Protection.
Dr. Drew R. Ekman, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Athens, United States
Dr. Satoshi Endo, Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
Prof. dr. Beate Escher, Department of Cell Toxicology, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
Dr. John E. Elliott, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Science & Technology Branch, Delta, BC, Canada
Dr. Julia Fabrega, European Medicines Agency (EMA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Prof. dr. Cristina Fossi, Department of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, University of Siena, Italy
Prof. dr. Paul Fowler, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
Prof. Dr. Ellen Fritsche, IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
Prof. dr. Kees van Gestel, Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Prof. dr. Frank Gobas, Department of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
Dr. Arno Gutleb, Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Belvaux, Grand-duchy of Luxembourg
Dr. Timo Hamers Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Profesor Dr. Felix Hernández, Grupo de investigación Química Analítica y Salud Pública, Universidad Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
Prof. dr. Martin Holmstrup, Department of Bioscience, Soil Fauna Ecology and Ecotoxicology, Aarhus University, Denmark
Dr. Martien Janssen, Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
Dr. Melanie Kah, School of Environment, University of Auckland, New Zealand
Dr. Cornelia Kienle, Swiss Centre for Applied Ecotoxicology, EAWAG, Dübendorf, Switzerland
Prof. dr. Dries Knapen, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.
Prof. dr. Thomas P. Knepper, Hochschule Fresenius GEM. GMBH, Idstein, Germany.
Dr. Stefan Kools, KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
Prof. dr. Andreas Kortenkamp, Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University, London, UK
Dr. Michiel Kraak, Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Dr. Alexandra Kroll, Swiss Centre for Applied Ecotoxicology, EAWAG, Dübendorf, Switzerland
Dr. Robin de Kruijff, Radiation Science and Technology, Technical University Delft, The Netherlands
Dr. Miriam Leon Paumen, ExxonMobil Petroleum & Chemical B.V.B.A., Brussels, Belgium
Prof. dr. Matthias Liess, Department System Ecotoxicology, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
Dr. Stephen Lofts, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, UK Research and Innovation, Lancaster, UK
Dr. Ansje Löhr, Department of Science, Open University, Heerlen, The Netherlands
Prof. dr. Susana Loureiro, Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Portugal
Prof. dr. Lorraine Maltby, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield, UK
Prof. dr. Jonathan Martin, Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, University of Alberta, Canada
Prof. dr. Philipp Mayer, Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
Prof. dr. Michael McLachlan, Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Sweden
Prof. dr. Kristopher McNeill, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Switzerland
Dr. Dietmar Müller-Grabherr, Unit Contaminated Sites, Environment Agency Austria, Vienna, Austria
Dr. Ľubica Murínová, Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
Prof. dr. Ravi Naidu, Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), The University of Newcastle, Australia
Dr. Monika Nendza, Analytical Laboratory A, Luhnstedt, Germany
Dr. Raymond Niesink, Open University, Heerlen, The Netherlands
Prof. Dr. Maria Niklinska, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
Dr. Peter von der Ohe, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Germany
Dr. Ron van der Oost, Waternet, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Dr. Manuel E. Ortiz-Santaliestra, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (UCLM-CSIC-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
Dr. Lubica Palkovicova Murinova, Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovakia.
Dr. John Parsons, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Dr. Thomas G. Preuss, Bayer AG, Crop Science
Prof. dr. Ad Ragas, Department of Environmental Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, and Open University, Heerlen, The Netherlands
Prof. dr. Philip Rainbow, Natural History Museum, London
Prof. dr. Ortwin Renn, Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies, Potsdam, Germany
Dr. Andreu Rico, IMDEA Water Institute, Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
Dr. Dick Roelofs, Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Dr. Jörg Römbke, ECT Oekotoxikologie GmbH, Flörsheim, Germany
Dr. Emiel Rorije, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
Prof. dr. Sergi Sabater, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, University of Girona, Catalonia
Prof. dr. Ralph B. Schäfer, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
Dr. Henk Schat, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Dr. Aafke Schipper, Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (PBL), The Hague, The Netherlands
Prof. dr. Frederik-Jan van Schooten, Department Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
Prof. dr. Heikki Setälä, Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Lahti, Finland
Prof. dr. Karen Smeets, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
Prof. dr. Keith Solomon, retired from University of Guelph, Canada
Dr. Dave Spurgeon, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, UK Research and Innovation, Wallingford, UK
Prof. dr. John D. Stark, Washington State University, Washington, United States
Prof. dr. Nico M. van Straalen, Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Dr. Suzanne Stuijfzand, RWS, Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Management, Lelystad, The Netherlands
Professor Kevin Thomas, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Australia.
Prof. dr. Jaco Vangronsveld, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
Dr. Eric M.J. Verbruggen, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
Prof. dr. Martina Vijver, Centre of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, The Netherlands
Dr. Arie Vonk, Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Dr. Jana M. Weiss, Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
Dr. Inge Werner, Swiss Centre for Applied Ecotoxicology, EAWAG, Dübendorf, Switzerland
Prof. dr. Andrew Whitehead, Environmental Toxicology, University of California Davis, USA
Dr. Rhys Whomsley, European Medicines Agency (EMA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Dr. Watze de Wolf, European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), European Union, Helsinki, Finland
Dr. Dick de Zwart, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; DdZ Ecotox, The Netherlands
Other contributors
Sylvia Moes, University Library, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Wilma IJzerman, MICT Medische Illustratie Compositie Tekeningen, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Gerco van Beek, Beek Illustraties en Cartoons, The Netherlands
Hans Wevers, Audiovisual Centre, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Silvester Draaijer, Department of Student and Educational Affairs, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Evelin Karsten-Meessen, Open University, Heerlen, The Netherlands
Acknowledgements
Thanks are due to the Steering Committee and the Advisory Board (see below) for providing valuable suggestions during the development of the book, e.g. on the contents of and items to be included in the book, etc. We are also grateful to students using draft versions of the book for their useful comments and suggestions for improvement. Finally, we thank all our colleagues who were so kind as to help us in writing and reviewing all different modules of the book.
Steering Committee:
Prof. dr. A. Jan Hendriks, Department of Environmental Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Prof. dr. Jacqueline E. van Muijlwijk–Koezen, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Advisory Board:
Prof. dr. Thomas Backhaus, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
Dr. M.T.O. (Chiel) Jonker, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
Dr. Stefan Kools, KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
Prof. dr. Kees van Leeuwen, KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
Prof. dr. Karel de Schamphelaere, Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Belgium
This project was supported by the Netherlands Ministry of Education, Culture and Science, through SURF, grant number HO/560030260
