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Tenses
Present Simple
The Present Simple
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The Present Simple is used to:
- Talk about habits
- Regular events
- Permanent situations
- Facts
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--> For many sentences at least one, but often multiple of the above can apply to the sentence. Something might be a regular event, but it can also be a fact. Or, something is a habit that occurs regularly. There might be more than one reason to use the present simple.
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The Present Simple is constructed in a sentence:
- Using the full verb
- Shit-rule --> he/she/it = verb + s
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The Present Simple in a few examples:
- I cook dinner every Friday.
- As you can see, this happens regularly, namely every Friday. Since the subject is 'I', there's no need to add an 's' to the verb.
- She eats turkey every year on Christmas eve.
- This is a habit/tradition, which repeats itself every year (so, you could also say it's a regular event). Since the subject is 'she', we follow the 'shit-rule' and add an 's' to the verb.
- The bus leaves every ten minutes.
- It's scheduled, therefore regular. It's also a fact; not an opinion. Since the subject of this sentence is 'it', we follow the 'shit-rule' and add an 's' to the verb.
- Sheila and her mom often collect money for a good cause.
- This is a habit of two people, they think it's important to collect money. It also happens regularly. Since the subject of this sentence is 'they', there's no need to add an 's' to the verb.
You can use the Present Simple in three different kinds of sentences:
- Affirmative (positive) statements.
- Negative statements
- Questions.
| Affirmative |
Negative |
Interrogative |
| I eat breakfast at 8 am. |
I don't eat breakfast at 8, but at 7 am. |
Do you eat breakfast at 7 am or 8 am? |
| Jimmy likes fishing. |
Jimmy doesn't like fishing. |
Does Jimmy like fishing?
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| The train stops at platform 9 3/4. |
The train doesn't stop at platform 9 3/4 |
Does the train stop at platform 9 3/4? |
| They arrive at the gate in ten minutes. |
They don't arrive at the gate in ten minutes. |
Do they arrive at the gate in ten minutes? |
Present Continuous
The Present Continuous
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The Present Continuous is used to:
- Talk about something that is going on at the moment of speaking (now!).
- Express temporary situations
- Express irritations
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The Present Continuous is constructed in a sentence:
- With a form of 'to be' (am/are/is)
- Verb + ing
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The Present Continuous in a few examples:
- Shht! I'm reading a book, I can't concentrate when you're making so much noise!
- you can tell it's happening at the moment of speech, since the speaker asks the other one to be quiet.
- am + read + ing.
- I'm staying at the Holiday Inn for a few days.
- temporary situation, he/she's on holiday.
- am + stay + ing.
- His mother is always nagging about homework.
- an irritation, the mom 'nags' (zeuren).
- irritations are often expressed using the words 'always', 'forever', 'constantly'
- is + nag + ing
You can use the Present Continuous in three different kinds of sentences:
- Affirmative (positive) statements.
- Negative statements
- Questions.
| Affirmative |
Negative |
Interrogative |
| I am eating breakfast at the moment. |
I am not eating breakfast at the moment. |
Am I eating breakfast at the moment? |
| Jimmy is fishing today. |
Jimmy is not fishing today. |
Is Jimmy fishing today?
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| They are walking to school now. |
They aren't walking to school. |
Are they walking to school? |
| |
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Present Perfect
Present Perfect
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The Present Perfect is used to:
- Express actions that started in the past, but aren't over yet
- Express actions that happened in the past, but still have result in the present.
--> It's a tense that expresses both past and present in one.
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The Present Perfect is constructed in a sentence:
- Have / has +
- Past participle (verb in past tense)
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The Present Perfect in a few examples:
- They have listened to his CD for hours already!
- Action started in the past and is still going on.
- Have + verb + ed
- Shelly has worked in that supermarket for years, she's the eldest employee.
- Action started in the past, still going on.
- Has + verb + ed
- Tom has broken his leg.
- Action happened in the past --> result: broken leg.
- Has + verb (irregular verb).
- My sister has dyed her hair, but I don't like the colour.
- Action happened in the past, result: different hair colour.
- Has + verb + ed.
!! To form the present perfect, you add 'ed' to the verb to create the past participle. However: there are exceptions. Irregular verbs change as a whole, you cannot ad 'ed'. These verbs are not following the rules and you need to study these. You can find a list of Irregular verbs on page 288 of your book or in the menu on the left: 'list of irregular verbs'.
You can use the present perfect in three different kinds of sentences:
| Affirmative |
Negative |
Interrogative |
| I have dyed my hair pink. |
I haven't dyed my hair pink. |
Have I dyed my hair pink? |
| She has lived here for three years. |
She hasn't lived here for three years. |
Has she lived here for three years?
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| He has become a great frriend. |
He hasn't become a great friend. |
Has he become a good friend? |
| It has been too long! |
It hasn't been too long. |
Has it been too long? |
Past Simple
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The Past Simple is used to:
- Talk about actions that happened in the past
- No relation to present tense, nor visible results
- Often combined with an indication of time
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The Past Simple is constructed in a sentence:
- Verb + ed
- Irregular verbs on page 288 (book) or in the menu on the left
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The Past Simple in a few examples:
- I went to the cinema last weekend.
- indication of time: 'last weekend'.
- irregular verb 'went' (present: go)
- Jennifer attended a concert of her favourite band yesterday, that's why she looks tired.
- verb + ed
- indication of time: 'yesterday'.
- My parents visited that museum last week.
- indication of time: 'last week'
- verb + ed
- Bart drew a nice drawing of a horse just a minute ago.
- indication of time 'just a minute ago'
- irregular verb 'drew' (present: draw)
!! To form the past simple you add '-ed' to the verb. However: there are exceptions. Irregular verbs change as a whole, you cannot ad 'ed'. These verbs are not following the rules and you need to study these. You can find a list of Irregular verbs on page 288 of your book or in the menu on the left: 'list of irregular verbs'.
You can use the Past Simple in three different kinds of sentences:
| Affirmative |
Negative |
Interrogative |
| Claire wrote her name on the paper. |
Claire didn't write her name on the paper. |
Did Claire write her name on the paper? |
| Tom printed the letters this morning. |
Tom didn't print the letters this morning. |
Did Tom print the letters this morning?
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| They poored juice in the glasses a few minutes ago. |
They didn't poor juice in the glasses a few minutes ago. |
Did they poor juice in the glasses a few minutes ago? |
| I shook the bottle of coke. |
I didn't shake the bottle of coke. |
Did I shake the bottle of coke? |
Past Continuous
Past Continuous
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The Past Contnuous is used to:
- Talk about actions that happened in the past, while something else was happening
- An action in the past took a while
- Often combined with past simple (in one sentence)
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The past Simple is constructed in a sentence:
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The Past Continuous in a few examples:
- I was watching TV, when the power shut down.
- Action (watching TV) was going on, while something else happened (power)
- was + verb + ing
- They were working on their new album, when their manager quit.
- Action (working on album) was going on, when something else happened (manager)
- were + verb + ing
- The driver was not paying attention when he ignored a red light.
- Action (paying attention) was going on, when something else happened (red light)
- was + verb + ing
- Charles was walking to school when it started to rain.
- Action (walking) was going on, when something else happened (rain)
- was + verb + ing
You can use the Past Continuous in three different kinds of sentences:
| Affirmative |
Negative |
Interrogative |
| They were watching, when the power went off. |
They weren't watching when the power went off. |
Were they watching when the power went off? |
| Jimmy was reading, when I arrived |
Jimmy wasn't reading when I arrived. |
Was Jimmy reading when I arrived?
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| Both sisters were singing, when the music stopped. |
Both sisters weren't singing when the music stopped |
Were both sisters singing when the music stopped? |
| I was taking pictures when you performed. |
I wasn't taking pictures when you performed. |
Was I taking pictures when you performed? |
Present Simple (future)
The future - Present Simple
If you want to talk about future events that are connected to a schedule, you may use the present simple:
- The bus leaves at 8 in the evening.
- The excursion that starts tomorrow kicks off at 8.30 a.m.
- Can you tell me what time the spinning class starts?
All events are still in the futurte, yet because they're scheduled you can use the present simple.
Present Continuous (future)
The future - Present Continous
If you want to talk about things taht are most certainly going to happen in the future, you can use the Present Continuous. You've already made arrangements to make sure the event will take place:
- We are having a party next week, here's an invitation.
- I am going to spain next summer, I'm so excited!
- He is working abroad next week, so if you want to talk to him; do it now.
You may also use the present continous is you're predicting something following earlier clues:
- Look at that blue skye! It's going to be a lovely day.
- We aren't going to see any leopards here, they're moved to another zoo.
Will - Shall - Going to
Will / Shall / Going to
Will + verb can be used when:
- The idea rises at the moment of speaking
- Are you hungry? I'll get you some food.
- It's a prediction based on someone's opinion:
- It'll be a lovely day, I'm sure!
- She'll be so happy once she looks at the painting!
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- A spontaneous offer, refusing, promises and orders:
- Come, I'll carry that for you!
- I will not have you do that for me!
- I promise I'll do better next time.
- For facts:
- It'll be cold during the winter period.
- There will always be another day.
- That'll be 25 Pounds please.
- In case of uncertainty of the future, combined word words such as: think, probably, possibly:
- I'll probably fail the test, I haven't studied at all.
- She'll think I didn't care enough.
Shall + verb can be used when you ask something with 'I' or 'we' as subject:
- Shall I open the door for you?
- Shall we go and see a movie?
To be going to + verb can be used when:
- It was planned before talking about it now.
- I am going to Spain this summer, how about you?
- She is going to take lots of photos, I'm sure.
- They are going to do the dishes in a minute.
- With predictions based on clues:
- Look at these flowers! They're going to look great in this bouqet!
- We are'nt going to see any elephants, they are miles away from here.
List of irregular verbs
Other grammar issues
All - Every - Each
All, every and Each
Each word means the same in Dutch, namely: 'elke', however, the exact meaning is slightly different. Which one do you use at what moment?
All:
You use the word 'all' if you want to talk about a whole group, without any exceptions. The world 'all' is always followed by a plural:
- You should all wear raincoats, it's pooring outside.
- Everyone in the group has to prepare for rain, no exceptions.
- The word 'raincoats' is a plural form.
- All of the flowers were blossoming beautifully!
- All flowers, no exceptions.
- The word 'flowers' is in plural form.
Every:
If you want to stress or address certain parts of a group, you can use the word 'every'. The word 'every' is followed by a singular form.
- Every girl has to wear a pink sweater.
- Not all, just a select group.
- The word 'girl' is in singular form.
- It will be held every other week.
- Not all weeks, but every other week.
- The word 'week' is in singular form.
Each:
If you want to address, stress or talk about a minority within the group (usually a small amount in comparison to the 'all-amount', or in groups or smaller amounts less than 3), you use 'each'. The words 'each' is followed by a singular form.
If you want people to think of each groupmemeber as an individual (stress that its not just a gross, but everyone individually makes a whole) you can also use 'each'. You may determine persons & things with the word 'each'.
- Each team was well-prepared before the game started.
- mostly two teams in one game (small amount)
- 'team' is in singualr form.
- Wake up with a smile each day!
- stress that it has to be done every day, within the group of weeks.
- determines a 'thing' (day)
- 'day' is a singular form.
Possessives
A possessive pronoun indicates, as the word says: a possession.
Julie's keys are on the table.
My sister's shoes are blocking the hallway.
The colour of the bridge.
For people or animals in singular form: 's
- My mother's purse is in the car.
- Ben's icecream melted in the sun.
For people or animals in plural form: '
- The cats' litterboxes were cleaned.
- The boys' shoes were very dirty.
For expressions of time singular 's and plural '
- One year's schedule.
- A two weeks' holiday.
...of... for geographical locations (although it's quite often indicated with either 's or ')
- The biggest attraction of the city.
- The city of Los Angeles
Conjunctions
Conjunctions
Conjunctions are, as we say in Dutch: 'voegwoorden'. These words are used to 'slue'to seperate sencenes together, making it one.
An example:
Two seperate sentences:
1. I like reading historic novels
2. My brother thinks historic novels are boring.
Combined into one sentence:
1. I like historic novels, but my brother thinks they're boring.
As you can see, the word 'but' combines the two sentences. 'But' is a conjunction that glues both sentences together.
There are different conjunctions and every conjunction has its own function/meaning. You cannot mix them up; the sentences would'nt be correct anymore. These are the conjuctions and their functions:
| Conjunction |
Function |
Example sentence |
| So |
gevolg |
She's very tired, so she's going to bed. |
| Or |
keuze |
Would you like pizza or spaghetti? |
| And |
opsomming |
I like boardgames and computergames.
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| Because |
reden |
I was not at school, because I was ill. |
| Since |
reden |
I'd like to say something, since we're all here. |
| But |
tegenstelling |
I would love to come, but I can't make it. |
| Yet |
tegenstelling |
She is a vegetarian, yet she ate fish yesterday. |
| Until |
time |
I'm going to work until 5 P.M.
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| Before |
time |
I planned to cycle to school, before I noticed the flat tyre. |
| After |
time |
She came home after she had a good run. |
| When |
time |
It was 9 o'clock when the doors closed. |
| While |
time |
I'm doing my homework while listening to music. |
As you can see; all conjunctions have their own functions. It's not possible to mix them up:
I am not going to school but I am ill.
Shall I stay here, yet shall I go home?
These sentences do not make any sense. What conjunction would you choose in these sentences, and why?
Quantifiers
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Countable |
Uncountable |
| Affirmatives |
many (formal)
a lot of
few
a few
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much (formal)
a lot of
little
a little
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| Negatives |
many |
much |
| Interrogatives |
many
few
a few
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much
little
a little
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The exact difference between te words 'much' and 'many' are to be found at the menu on your left-hand-side.
In questions or negative statements, you can use either much (uncountable nouns) and many (countable nouns):
Do you know many children in your class?
I don't have much money left.
In affirmative sentences you can use 'lots of' or 'a lot of' for either countable or uncountable nouns:
I know a lot of students that are in year 3.
They spent lots of money on refurbishing the house.
Note that 'lots of' is quite informal and is mostly used in spoken production.
Altough we previously stated that 'much' and 'many' were only used in questions and negatives; you may use them in affirmatives under certain conditions:
Behind the words 'so, as, too and how, you can use the words many and much:
She has got so many stuffed animals!
You gave me too much money back, look.
| A few |
een paar |
| Few |
weinig |
| A little |
een beetje |
| Little |
weinig |
I visit my grandmother a few days a week.
Only few of you will know the answer to this difficult question.n
Sheila spilled a little milk on the table.
I have very little faith in your promises.
Comparisons
Joe is small.
Joe is smaller than Jack.
Averell is the tallest, while Joe is the smallest.
To compare people, animals and things, we use comparisons. There are multiple ways to create a comparison in a sentence, depending on the length of the word:
For words with less than 2 syllables (lettergrepen), a comparison is made by adding - er/-est. An example:
- My sister is tall.
- But my brother is taller than my sister.
- But the tallest in the family, is my father.
--> 'Tall' is a word with only one syllable. If you want to stress that someone/someting is even more tall; simpy add '-er' to the word (sentence 2). If you want to stress that someone/something is even more tall and noone or nothing can beat this: add '-est' (sentence 3).
If a word with one syllable ends with '-e', just add '-r' or '-st', without an 'e':
- I am nice.
- My sister is nicer
- But the nicest, is my mom.
If a word ends with a vowel and a consonant (klinker & medeklinker), the consonant doubles:
- That car is big
- Peter's bus is bigger
- But Joe has the biggest car.
If a word ends with 'y', the 'y' changes into 'ie' + '-r'/ '-est':
- She's happy
- her friend is even happier
- But the happiest person is me
Relative Pronouns
Relative pronouns
Relative pronouns (in Dutch: betrekkelijke voornaamwoorden) are used in subordinate conjuctions, to refer to something or someone in de coordinate conjunction:
Who refers to people:
- This is the girl who helped me.
- Those people, who looked at us angrily, didn't agree with our statement.
Which refers to animals and things:
- The crow, which was sitting on its nest, was feeding his babies.
- This is a picture of the house, which my father built all by himself.
That can be used to replace 'who' and 'which'. This can only be used in subordinate sentences that cannot be removed, because it would interfere with the meaning/sense of the sentence. Should you use 'that', there's no comma before this word:
- The man who/that helped us was very nice.
- This is a picture of the house which/that my father built.
Whose can refer to people, animals and things and it indicates possession:
- The man whose glasses are broken is in the store now.
- The lion whose cubs are ill, is in quarantine.
- The plant whose leafs are green isn't going to survive much longer.
Whom refers to people and is used after prepositions such as with, to, about, for, etc. It's quite formal and you'd therefore more often hear 'who' instead of 'whom'.
- That's the man to whom they gave my function.
- That's the person to whom I sent that email.
Can - Could - Be able to
Can/ Could / Be able to
There are multiple translatiosn for the Dutch word 'kunnen'. You might be able to tell the difference in the context of the sentence:
I can draw a nice picture of a horse.
This could be very tricky.
He's not able to play soccer, due to a broken leg.
Can:
You can use the word 'can' in different situations:
- To show something is possible (very likely to happen)
- It can be very dangerous to brush the teeth of an alligator.
- It's quite likely, that this is dangerous.
- The rope can snap if the weight is too high.
- It's very likely that the rope will snap once you put on too much weight.
- To show you have the ability to do something.
- I can draw a nice picture of a horse.
- You've 'mastered' this skill, you know how to draw it.
- I can tie my shoelaces
- Someone taught you how to do this, and now you can do it yourself.
- To show that you are allowed to do something (only in the Present Simple)
- I can go out tonight if I come home in time.
- You asked for permission and it's granted.
- She can go to the supermarket after school.
- She may go, at a set time.
Could:
You can use the word 'could' in different situations:
- To show something is possible, although it's not too likely.
- Abseiling from a high cliff could be dangerous if you're not trained well enough.
- It doesn't have to be dangerous, if you're well trained.
- The sun could fall down if the strings aren't attached.
- but that's highly unlikely, right?
- To show that you might be able to do something.
- I could draw this horse, but I'm not quite certain i'd pull it off.
- You're uncertain you have the ability. You're practising, yet you've not yet 'mastered' the skill.
- I could help out, I suppose.
- You are doubting whether to help someone, because you don't have the skills yourself.
- As a past tense from 'can'
- Luckily, I could be of help!
- You helped in the past and you're talking about it in the present.
- I couldn't find my dress, so I came in a suit.
- You weren't able to find something in the past.
- To politely ask something.
- Could you pass me the salt, please?
- You're asking a question during a fancy dinner.
- Could I speak to your supervisor, please?
- You're asking politely whether you can see a supervisor.
Be able to:
If you use the words 'to be able to', to express that you've mastered a skill, yet you are (not) in the posistion to do so:
- I'm not able to ride a bike, since I broke my leg
- You still know how to ride your bike, but you can't do it now.
- She was able to get out when she was locked in.
- Normally you'd know how to go outside, but now it was more complicated. She had to find another way to get out
Have to - Must - Should
Have to / must / should
In English, there are three translations for the Dutch word 'moeten'.
These different translations are used in different contexts:
Must:
If you come up with a rule, that someone else has to follow, you use the word 'must'. It's not a general rule, but a rule you've thought of and your 'subjects' should listen:
Example:
You want to go out and you ask your parent for permission. You parents agree, but they have the following rule:
You must be home by eleven o'clock.
Since this rule doesn't apply to everyone in the world, and your parents came up with this rule, they use the word 'must'. It can also be used by teachers whi give their students homework, for example: you must finish your homework!
Have to:
If you want to tell your friends about the rule, it slightly changes. It's not a rule you thought of yourself; but it is a rule you have to follow. So in case of going out; you'd say:
I have to be home by eleven o'clock.
You express the rule you have to follow, yet you didn't make the rule yourself. Other examples are:
* You have to be quiet in a library. --> not your rule, but the library's rule.
* Everyone has to wear a seatbelt in the car. --> not your rule, but the government's rule.
Should:
Should is an advice. Someone may (strongly) advice you to do something, but there's no consequence if you do not follow the advice. As in; you would'nt get punsihed. If you compare this to the 'going out' example as stated under 'must' and 'have to', you'd say:
I think you should be home by eleven o'clock.
When the rule contains the words 'must' or 'have to', the rule comes with a concequence. in case of the word 'should', it's merely an advice, without concequences (no punishment).
Another example is:
You should see a doctor for that rash. --> advice. If the person doesn't go see a doctor, that's his/her own choice. being ill for a longer period of time is a concequence, but not a punishment given by the one who gave the advice.
You must be home by eleven. --> rule is made up by the parents, and so is the concequence. Not in time: grounded.
I have to be home by eleven. --> rule is still made up my parents, just like its concequence. You wouldn't give yourself a curvue and you most certainly wouldn't ground yourself.
I think you should be home by eleven --> still made up by someone else, yet there's no concequence (punishment) if you're going to be late.
Much - Many
MUCH = uncountable
MANY = countable
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Uncountable nouns + much:
I love you very much.
- You can't coun't the amount of loves (1 love, 2 love..). Therefore you use 'much'.
She has much money on her bank account.
- Although you can count actual money (1 euro, two euro, etc..), you cannot count the word 'money' (1 money, 2 mony, etc...). That's why you use the word 'much'.
She's got much work to do, let's not disturb her.
- You might be able to count the amount of assignments she needs to do, but you can't count the work itself. (1 work, 2 work, etc...)
Note that the noun that follows the word 'much' is not a plural form!
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|
Countable nouns + many
Lizzy has many friends, she's very popular.
- You can count the amount of friends Lizzy has.
(1 friend, 2 friends, etc...)
My brother has many books, he loves reading.
- You can count the amount of books the brother has.
( 1 book, 2 books, etc...)
The tourists bought many souvenirs.
- You can count the amount of souvnirs the tourists bought.
( 1 souvenir, 2 souvenir, etc...)
Note that the noun that follows the word 'many' is in plural form.
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Some - Any
Some and any
If you want to use the words 'een paar', 'een beetje' or 'wat', you can use the Engelish words 'some' and 'any'.
Some:
'Some' is used in affirmative sentences and in questions to which you expect the answer 'yes'. For example:
- We have some good ideas for the festival.
- I have something to talk to you about.
- Would you like some tea?
Any:
'Any' is used in negatives and all other questions, for example:
- I haven't got anything to wear!
- Do you have any ideas on how to solve this?
- We don't have any plans for the weekend, you?
Some and any are, as you may have seen in the previous examples, easy to combine with these words:
- thing (iets)
- I have something to ask you.
- I don't have anything to wear!
- body (iemand)
- I need somebody to help me here.
- Is there anybody home?
- one (iemand)
- Someone didn't read the memo.
- Ayone who'd like some extra English classes?
- where (ergens)
- I must have it somewhere.
- But now I can't find it anywhere.
Word order
Word order: position of adverbs
Place and time:
Adverbs (bijwoorden) that indicate time or place are called: Adverbs of place and time. They are usually put at the end of a sentence:
- I parked the car on our driveway.
- They drove together, all the way to spain.
- We went to the cinema yesterday.
- I fell ill, last week.
If you want to stress the importance of the time; you may put the time at the beginning of the sentence:
- Yesterday I discussed this bit of grammar with you. Did you forget?
- Tonight, I really have to work on my homework that's due tomorrow.
If there's both a time and a place in a sentence, the place is always before the time:
- We went to Germany, last summer.
- I had class in B114 an hour ago.
Adverbs of manner:
Adverbs that inidicate how something happens are adverbs of manner. (really, incredibly, terribly, etc). They are put before the word they give information about, if that's an adverb (bijwoord) or and adjective (bijvoeglijk naamwoord):
- I'm very angry with you right now.
- 'very' states the manner of anger. It's not just angry, but even more: very angery.
- He drives really dangerously.
- He doesn't just drive dangerously, but really dangerously.
If the adverb of manner says something about a verb, it's placed at the end of a sentence...
- To understand it all, you have to read very carefully.
- You have to ask it very politely.
... or before the verb:
- He quietly sat there and waited for her.
- They truly felt awful about what happened.
Adverbs of frequency:
Adverbs that indicate how often something occurs, are called adverbs of frequency. They're usually placed before the verb...
- I always walk to school
- He never does his homework.
... or after a form of 'to be' (am / is / are)
- I am sometimes late for school.
- She is always looking at her phone.
- We are never late for soccer training.
Present Simple - Meester Gijs
Irregular verbs list - year 2.xlsx
