## Section: What ethical implications exist surrounding GenAI?

## Opening section

OpenAI. (2022). Aligning language models to follow instructions. Retrieved from: https://openai.com/index/instruction-following/
Ramponi, M. (2022). How ChatGPT actually works. AssemblyAI. Retrieved from: https://www.assemblyai.com/blog/how-chatgpt-actually-works/
Weise, K., & Metz, C. (2023). When A.I. Chatbots Hallucinate. The New York Times. Retrieved from: https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/01/business/ai-chatbots-hallucination.html

## Bias and stereotypes

Baack, S. (2024). Training Data For The Price Of A Sandwich. Mozilla Foundation. Retrieved from: https://foundation.mozilla.org/en/research/library/generative-ai-training-data/common-crawl/. Licensed under CC BY 4.0 International License
Robertson, A. (2024). Google apologizes for ‘missing the mark’ after Gemini generated racially diverse Nazis. The Verge. Retrieved from: https://www.theverge.com/2024/2/21/24079371/google-ai-gemini-generative-inaccurate-historical

## Lack of diversity in training data

Mozilla Foundation. (2022). Internet Health Report 2022. Retrieved from: https://2022.internethealthreport.org/facts/

## Disinformation

Huang, K. (2023). Why Pope Francis Is the Star of A.I.-Generated Photos. The New York Times. Retrieved from: https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/08/technology/ai-photos-pope-francis.html

## Environmental costs

Erdenesanaa, D. (2023). A.I. Could Soon Need as Much Electricity as an Entire Country. The New York Times. Retrieved from: https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/10/climate/ai-could-soon-need-as-much-electricity-as-an-entire-country.html
O’Brien, & Fingerhut, H. (2023). A.I. Tools fueled a 34% spike in Microsoft’s water consumption, and one city with its data centers is concerned about the effect on residential supply. Fortune. Retrieved from: https://fortune.com/2023/09/09/ai-chatgpt-usage-fuels-spike-in-microsoft-water-consumption/?utm

## Exploitative labour to train GenAI models

Le Ludec, C., Cornet, M., & Casilli, A. A. (2023). The Problem with annotation. Human labour and outsourcing between France and Madagascar. Big Data & Society, 10(2). doi.org/10.1177/20539517231188723
Perrigo, B. (2023). Exclusive: OpenAI Used Kenyan Workers on Less Than $2 Per Hour to Make ChatGPT Less Toxic. Time. Retrieved from: https://time.com/6247678/openai-chatgpt-kenya-workers/

## Whole section

Sabzalieva, E., & Valentini, A. (2023). ChatGPT and Artificial Intelligence in higher education Quick start guide. UNESCO. Retrieved from: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000385146/PDF/385146eng.pdf.multi. Licensed under CC BY SA 3.0 International License

TLC Science. (2024). Responsible use of Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) in higher education. University of Amsterdam. Retrieved from https://rise.articulate.com/share/MyfLgG-cXE1a7XBuctQhndpJB-BgpYny#/. Licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 International License

Van Gurp, S. / Avans Hogeschool (2023). Infographic Generatieve AI voor studenten / Generative AI for students. Edusources. Retrieved from: https://edusources.nl/materials/45e2751d-1076-4979-9232-a847bcb966dd. Licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 International License

Paul R. MacPherson Institute for Leadership, innovation and Excellence in Teaching. (2023). Generative Artificial Intelligence in Teaching and Learning at McMaster University. Retrieved from: https://ecampusontario.pressbooks.pub/mcmasterteachgenerativeai/. Licensed under CC BY International 4.0 International License

EDU Support. (2023). Artificial Intelligence (AI) Tools in education. Educational Support and Innovation (ESI). Retrieved from: https://edusupport.rug.nl/2365784080