## Theory

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The Köppen climate classification is repetition from chapter three, if you want to refresh your knowledge consult your geoguide number 73.

# Climates within Russia

Within Russia there are two predominant climates:

- Continental climate
  Russia has a large surface area, because of this the moderating influence of the oceans do not reach far into the country. Leaving the majority of the country a continental climate with a big difference in temperature between the summer and winter.
- Tundra climate
  The northern part of Russia is adjacent to the arctic sea. It gets so cold here that many places do not see an average summer temperature of over 10°C. Leaving many places barren in this tundra climate.

# Natural landscapes within Russia

(De Boer et al., 2023)

Within Russia four different natural landscapes can be distinguished:

(Spokojna, 2020)

1. Tundra
The summer temperatures barely exceed 0°C, makeing trees unable to grow here. The tundra is a vast expanse with only a few grasses, mosses and shrubs.

(Sudyin, 2019)

2. Taiga (coniferous forest)
Within the taiga regions the temperatures are a bit higher, meaning conifers are able to grow here. This landscape is recognisable by its coniferous forests.

(Karits, 2020)

3. Deciduous forest
Only in the west of Russia, where the moderating influence of the atlantic ocean causes the winters to be less strong, can deciduous forests be found.

(Salzgeber, 2020)

4. Grass steppe
Lastly, to the south of Russia the proximity of the Caucasus causes the region to be rather dry. Here you can find grass steppes and even some deserts.