## Project B: Reading

#### Project B Reading: The economy - shades of grey

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- Read the text.
- Do the assignment.

The London Times reports that a Spanish tax inspector boarded a Mediterranean cruise ship incognito. He sought to check whether the returns made by the cruise company, in respect of food and drinks consumed, tallied with reality. He put on his brightest holiday clothes and went aboard. Two things followed quickly. First, his disguise was found to be inadequate; he was discovered immediately. Secondly, it happened that the ship had a large number of British holiday-makers aboard. These merry jokers forced him to walk the plank. While he was swimming around in the water, some of the merrier girls dived in after him and merrily removed his shorts. We may feel sorry for the poor fellow, who was only doing his job, but the story does show that tax collectors are as unpopular now as they were in the days of Robin Hood or George Washington. Tax inspectors are universally unpopular, not simply because they collect money, but because they are the greatest of all bureaucrats. They put their little restrictions upon every aspect of ordinary life. In Britain, if you drive a friend to the station, babysit for the neighbours, fix a car engine in exchange for a bottle of whisky, or make a pot of jam for charity, then technically, you have become a part of the shadow economy. The estimates of the size of the shadow economy vary greatly, from two per cent to fifteen per cent of the national income, the difference in Britain of between four and 54 billion pounds. The best estimate puts it at around five per cent. One of the reasons for the difference is the definition which is used. The black economy is only the darkest side of the picture. For example, the shadow economy runs from voluntary work for charities, to barter between neighbours, to housework. But it also takes in handling stolen goods, tax evasion, and working while drawing welfare payments. One area of growth of the shadow economy in Britain has been household employment, and services to help the working mother. Clearly, no one pays their window-cleaner by cheque, not if they want to see him again. But, more importantly, in the last 25 years, as married women flooded out to work, they have begun again to do what their grandmothers did, to pay others to look after their homes and children. This area of home help has become a deep grey as far as the tax authorities are concerned. In general, the shadow economy becomes pitch black once money changes hands, in used notes: for example, when we pay each other for child-minding rather than taking it in turns to run a playgroup. While the tax authorities have their beady eye on payment in kind, there may be another distinction, between regular work on the one hand, and occasional, irregular favours on the other. Even so, it would seem that moonlighting, the second job, the odd extra evening work, is what makes up most of the shadow economy. A more useful distinction lies between the trivial and the substantial. There is a lot of difference between giving someone a regular lift to the station in the mornings, perhaps in exchange for some help with the petrol bill, and loaning him a company car which is not declared on his tax returns. A large proportion of the shadow economy might not be liable to tax anyway. Small traders, for example, prefer cash as much to avoid office work as to cut their sales tax. But, at the bottom end of the scale, even very small cash earnings can cause trouble to the unemployed. The reason lies in the speed with which unemployment support benefits are withdrawn if even small amounts of money are earned. Conservative politicians are always saying that a large proportion of Britain’s unemployed are earning a healthy living in the shadow economy. With three million officially, and four million unofficially, out of work, they are more likely to be picking at bones rather then living off the fat of the land. The shadow economy may be essential to the health of the country. Of course, tax enforcement is necessary, but snooping is not and that is where one loses sympathy with the Spanish tax inspector. There needs to be a balance which can possibly be achieved by limiting the state’s legal interest in small sums, the taxation of which is more expensive than the revenue collected.

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#### Reading - Evaluation

How did you think this assignment went?
Indicate for each section how you thought it went.

Section | Good | Sufficient | Insufficient
Vocabulary | You master all the simple words to understand a note, e-mail or simple text. | You master the most necessary words to understand a note, e-mail or simple text. | You do not master enough words to understand a note, e-mail or simple text.
Sentence structure and grammar | I can recognize and understand verb tenses and sentences well. | I can recognize enough sentences and verb forms. I understand some sentences and verb forms. | I cannot properly recognize and understand verb tenses and sentence structure.
Text insight | You can clearly see the structure and outline. You can also easily deduce the meaning of unknown words from the context. | You can see the structure and outline of a text fairly well, but you can rarely infer the meaning of unfamiliar words from the context. | I do not fully see the structure and outline of the text and cannot deduce the meaning of unknown words from the context.
Pace of reading | You can read quickly and easily. You understand everything it says. You can read the entire text in all details. | You often have enough reading pace to understand quite a bit of what you are reading. You can read the entire text globally. | You need too much time to read everything completely. You do not fully understand what you read.
Reading strategy | You can look at the main outline of a text and then at the details. Beforehand, you use the layout, pictures and prior knowledge (what you already know about the subject). | Using the layout, pictures and prior knowledge (what you already know about the subject) you can hardly see the big picture in the text. You still translate too many sentences without seeing any connection. | You don't really understand how to handle the text and you start reading word for word. You make too little use of prior knowledge (what you already know about the subject).