## Project B: Writing

#### Project B Writing: Memories in Dreams

You are going to write a summary about dreams.

- Read the text.
- Do the assignment (on your own): fill in the grid and write a summary.
- Hand in your work to your teacher.

1. Read the text.

Memories in Dreams What’s the most recent dream you can remember? Was anyone you know in it? Did it happen in a place you know well? Were you doing something familiar? Most dreams incorporate fragments of experiences from our waking lives. It’s common to dream about disconnected snippets like a particular person, place, or activity. But do dreams ever replay complete memories—for instance, the last time you saw your mother, including the place, activities, and people? Memories like this are called episodic because they represent whole episodes instead of just fragments; studies the secret world of sleep of dreaming show that these types of memories are sometimes replayed in sleep, but it is quite rare (around 2 percent of dreams contain such memories, according to one study). Most of our dreams just recombine fragments of waking life. These fragments are relatively familiar and reflect the interests and concerns of the dreamer. This means cyclists dream about cycling, teachers dream about teaching, and bankers dream about money. Some researchers have capitalized upon dream reports to gain insight into the process by which memories are immediately incorporated (i.e., in the first night after they were initially experienced). Freud famously referred to this as “day-residues.” One study showed day residues appear in 65 to 70 percent of single dream reports. On the other hand, a more recently described phenomenon called the dream-lag effect refers to the extraordinary observation that, after its initial appearance as a day residue, the likelihood that a specific memory will be incorporated into dreams decreases steadily across the next few nights after the memory was formed, then increases again across the following few nights. Thus, it is very common for memories to be incorporated into dreams on the first night after they were initially experienced (if I have a car crash today, I’m likely to dream about it tonight). The likelihood of such incorporation decreases gradually across the next few nights, with few memories incorporated into dreams three to five days after they occurred. Extraordinarily, however, the probability that a memory will be incorporated into a dream increases again on nights six and seven after it was initially experienced. What is going on here? Why are memories less likely to be incorporated into dreams three to five days after they originally occurred than six to seven days afterward? One possibility relates to the need for consolidation. Memories may be inaccessible at this stage because they are being processed in some way which takes them temporarily “offline.” Notably, this effect is only true for people who report vivid dreams, and it also appears to only be true of REM dreams. As with most research, the dream-lag effect raises more questions than it answers. Source: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/what-is-dreaming-and-what-does-it-tell-us-about-memory-excerpt/

2. You are going to write a summary of this text.
   To help you to get information from the text, first fill in the grid before writing your summary.

introduction |
types of memories |
examples of dreams |
research |
time |
conclusion |

After finishing this assignment you will be able to get information from a text and use this to write a summary.

Beoordeling van de taak
Je hebt het goed gedaan als je in de volgende tabel de onderdelen met goed of voldoende kunt beantwoorden.

| goed | voldoende | onvoldoende
--- | --- | --- | ---
Inhoud | De informatie die ik heb gebruikt is relevant. Ik heb veel van de genoemde woorden in de opdrachten gebruikt. Ik kan de tekst die ik heb geschreven goed organiseren in de samenvatting. | De informatie die ik heb gebruikt is meestal relevant. Ik heb een paar van de genoemde woorden in de opdrachten gebruikt. Ik kan de tekst die ik heb geschreven redelijk organiseren in de samenvatting. | Ik vind het lastig om te bepalen wat relevante informatie is om te gebruiken in de samenvatting. De genoemde woorden in de opdrachten vind ik lastig om te gebruiken. Ik kan de tekst die ik heb geschreven niet goed organiseren in de samenvatting.
Woorden | Ik heb de woorden correct gebruikt. | Ik kan de meeste woorden goed gebruiken. | Ik kan de woorden niet goed gebruiken.
Grammatica | Ik kan de volgende onderdelen goed gebruiken/toepassen: basis zinnen woordvolgorde voornaamwoorden en voorzetsels Ik maak weinig tot geen schrijffouten. | Ik kan de volgende onderdelen redelijk goed gebruiken/toepassen: basis zinnen woordvolgorde voornaamwoorden en voorzetsels Ik maak nog wel een paar schrijffouten. | Ik kan de volgende onderdelen niet goed gebruiken/toepassen: basis zinnen woordvolgorde voornaamwoorden en voorzetsels Ik maak nog best veel schrijffouten.