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Preface
About the authors
Chapter 1: In the beginning there was Mendel
  • Mendel's work with plants and bees
  • Experiments with peas
  • From Mendel to the present
  • Want to read more?
Chapter 2: How does a scientist work?
  • The social significance of science in its beginnings - solving common problems
  • The social significance of science in its beginnings - understanding the world around us
  • The social significance of science in its beginnings - the proper way of thinking
  • Scientific method
  • Experimental design
  • Scientific method in psychology
  • Scientific method in sociology
  • Scientific method in biology
  • Application of the scientific method in everyday life
  • Did you know that......
  • Want to read more?
Chapter 3: Meet DNA, the bearer of genetic information
  • What is DNA made of?
  • DNA can make exact copies of itself
  • The leading strand of DNA is synthesized continuously
  • Discontinuous synthesis of the lagging strand
  • How are genes expressed?
  • Transcription of genetic information from DNA to RNA
  • Translation of genetic information from RNA molecules into the sequence of amino acids
  • What regulates gene expression?
  • Did you know that...
  • Want to read more?
Chapter 4: How do you work with DNA?
  • In the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a limited section of DNA is amplified
  • Gel electrophoresis enables visualization of DNA.
  • RT-PCR allows determination of the input amount of nucleic acid in the reaction
  • Sequencing determines the order of nucleotides in DNA.
  • Did you know that...
  • Want to read more?
Chapter 5: Mutations - how they arise and what to do with them
  • Mutations can be deliberately induced
  • DNA damage - a potential source of mutations
  • Endogenous causes of DNA damage
  • Sickle cell aneamia
  • Exogenous sources of DNA damage
  • DNA damage is a serious condition that the cell must repair
  • Mutations and their effects on organisms
  • Mutations and Evolution
  • Did you know that...
  • Want to read more?
Chapter 6: How the environment can affect our genes
  • The environment allows the signs to manifest
  • Epigenetics is the interaction of DNA and the environment
  • The epigenetic landscape illustrates the importance of epigenetics
  • Gene imprinting switches off an allele from one of the parents
  • You are what you eat
  • How do epigenetic changes work?
  • Genetically identical mice can differ from each other
  • How far does epigenetics go in humans?
  • Genetics or epigenetics - which is more?
  • Did you know that...
  • Want to know more?
Chapter 7: From epigenetics to human diseases
  • Identical twins are a model for studying epigenetic processes
  • Epigenetic modifications play a role in the development of human diseases
  • Age is not a negligible factor from an epigenome perspective
  • Both famine and food surplus have consequences
  • Toxins are all around us, including you
  • Life experiences are reflected in the epigenome
  • Economic and social background has an influence on the development of intellect
  • The epigenome can also be influenced positively
  • Did you know that...
  • Want to know more?
Chapter 8: Your cells are stressed too
  • Changes in conditions cause oxidative stress in cells
  • Reactive particles have important functions in cells too
  • Exposure to stressful conditions that do not kill the cell can help it survive
  • Tumour cells are stressed too
  • Did you know that...
  • Want to know more?
Chapter 9: When cells go crazy
  • Cancer is a disease caused by uncontrolled cell division
  • Tumour types differ in their ability to invade surrounding tissue
  • Different types of cancer are classified according to the origin of the cells
  • Cancer begins at the genetic level
  • A predisposition to cancer can be inherited
  • Properties of tumour cells
  • Why does cancer die when cells only divide?
  • Prevention is more effective than treatment
  • Did you know that...
  • Want to know more?
Chapter 10: Gene therapy
  • Viruses are capable of DNA transfer
  • The origin of cell therapy
  • Vectors used in gene therapy
  • Current state of gene therapies
  • Ex vivo gene therapy
  • In vivo gene therapy
  • Genome editing technologies
  • Why is gene therapy not a common part of our lives?
  • Did you know that..,
  • Want to know more?
Chapter 11: Plants as an inspiration in biomedicine
  • Plants and important historical discoveries
  • The specific characteristics of plants
  • The significance of secondary metabolites
  • Plants in medicine
  • The most well-known secondary metabolites
  • Secondary metabolites of St. John's wort
  • Did you know that...
  • Want to know more?
Chapter 12: When the environment changes our hormones
  • An endocrine active substance does not necessarily have to be an endocrine disruptor
  • Endocrine disruptors act via several mechanisms
  • Endocrine disrupting chemicals may affect sexual differentiation
  • Toxicological studies assess the potential risk of substances in the environment to human health
  • Bisphenol A is a potentially hazardous substance
  • BPA is not the only EDC with harmful effects
  • Can endocrine disruptors cause epigenetic changes?
  • Did you know that...
  • Want to read more?
Chapter 13: Etiquette in our genes
  • Even molecules and microorganisms show signs of behaviour
  • Thieves among microorganisms
  • Lazy and drunk flies
  • How mosquitoes changed their preferences
  • Models of human behaviour disorders
  • From twins to whole genomes
  • Is intelligence, criminality or sexuality coded in our genes?
  • Did you know that...
  • Want to read more?
Chapter 14: The principle of evolution
  • Recent human evolution
  • Evolution can progress relatively quickly and similar features of various organisms can develop independently of each other
  • Did you know that...
  • Want to read more?
Chapter 15: DNA as evidence – forensic genetics
  • DNA holds the answer
  • DNA profiling
  • Historical DNA profiling
  • Did you know that...
  • Want to read more?
Chapter 16: Genetics in sport
  • Is it all about practice or does biology help?
  • Did you know that...
  • Want to read more?
Chapter 17: Genetically modified organisms
  • Ancient biotechnology
  • Modern technologies in agriculture, industry, and medicine
  • Targeted change of the organism's genetic information
  • The development of GMOs
  • Commercially available GMOs
  • GMO plants of the first and second generation
  • GMO producers of pharmaceutical substances
  • GMOs in science and research
  • Risks and misinformation
  • Did you know that...
  • Want to read more?
Chapter 18: The Most Common Hoaxes in Genetics - Myths & Facts
  • Hoax #1: Long-term smoking is beneficial to health
  • Hoax #2: Man evolved from the ape
  • Hoax #3: Within 200 years, all "blondes" will disappear
  • Hoax #4: Vaccines cause autism
  • Hoax #5: Vitamin C is a panacea against cancer
  • Did you know that...
  • Want to read more?
Chapter 19: Genetics in science fiction and pop culture
  • Science fiction and its importance for society
  • The development of genetics and science fiction
  • The paradox of genetics in science fiction
  • Genetics in science fiction – examples
  • What can a mutation really do?
  • Stereotypes in the portrayal of genetics in popular culture
  • Did you know that...
  • Want to read more?
Chapter 20: How to become a model...in biology
  • Biological phenomena should be studied in the simplest organisms that exhibit them
  • Model organisms enable the construction of relevant models about biological phenomena
  • A model organism must meet several requirements
  • The basic principles of regulation of cellular activities apply equally to bacterial cells as to human cells
  • When we want to understand the functioning of a eukaryotic cell, the model organism must be an eukaryote
  • The biggest celebrity among genetic model organisms is the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster
  • The small but mighty nematode is an excellent model
  • For studying the molecular basis of memory one needs an organism that has large neurons and easily measurable indicator of memory formation
  • Amphibians make it possible to observe embryogenesis outside the mother's body
  • There are many organisms that may seem exotic, yet they provided essential information about fundamental biological principles
  • For understanding some phenomena, we need to use organisms that are evolutionarily more closely related humans
  • In some cases, the only possible organism formulating adequate models about human biology are... humans
  • Did you know that...
  • Want to read more?
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Genetics for Everyone

Genetics for Everyone

Preface

Genetics is one of the fastest developing areas of natural sciences, which brings more and more knowledge and important information to our society. This information reaches us through scientists, physicians and other experts in the form of prenatal diagnostics, the latest trends in the field of healthy living, new possibilities for personalised disease therapy, modern methods in criminology etc. The correct understanding of scientific and technical procedures, which include personalised medicine or the use of genetically modified organisms, places increasing demands on every member of modern society. The rational response of all of us to the challenges associated with these technologies, as to the understanding of global pandemics or the climate crisis, thus requires an increasingly strong voice of educated experts and a cultured dialogue between experts and the public. The effort of today's educational institutions to provide quality information is additionally complicated by the spread of fake news, hoaxes and the distortion of reality by non-expert Internet debaters. If our interest is to teach people to critically accept the information that directly affects them and not to be swayed by half-truths and conspiracy theories, a strong foundation in genetics is a necessity today.

This book is intended for teachers of biology students, students of biological and non-biological fields, as well as those interested in genetics from the public. Its aim is to bring the basic genetic principles and discoveries closer together and to discuss them in the context of current events. The book also provides information on the use of knowledge from genetics in other fields, including medicine, criminology, pharmacy and history.

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Auteurs
samantha hughes
Laatst gewijzigd
2025-01-13 22:58:16
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Genetics for Everyone
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samantha hughes
samantha hughes
2025-01-13 22:58:16
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